Development of Non-Invasive Ultrasonic Measuring System for Monitoring Multiphase Flow in Liquid Media within Composite Pipeline

Process of conveying liquid substance via the pipeline is the most common practice of transferring the liquid from one point to another point. Composite pipeline is becoming an option for liquid conveying purposed (instead of PVC, acrylic or metal) for its durability, longer lifetime and non-corrosive material in comparison with current pipeline. In order to ensure, the conveying process has a smooth flow rate without particle or bubble disturbance that could hinder good process flow, non-invasive monitoring system is always required. The ultrasonic measuring system is one of the monitoring options that could be applied. With proper designed for transmitting and conditioning circuitry, 300 kHz ultrasonic frequencies are found as the optimal frequency needed to penetrate across the composite pipeline with full of liquid. The ultrasonic sensor response is being successfully differentiated between full flow (no material blockage) and with bulk material blockage (dry and wet sand)

An overview: effectiveness of different arrangement for electrode guard in electrical capacitance tomography

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) system is useful to obtain information about the spatial distribution of a dielectric materials mixture inside a vessel. It has been suggested by many researchers previously to use guard electrode in ECT sensors. This paper describes various types of design for guard electrode in Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) sensor. The design of these electrode guards is vital to reduce crosstalk (undesired signals) between the adjacent electrodes (positioned at the outside of the measured pipe) since the crucial signals are only inside the pipe. There are three types of electrode guards designed by various researchers which are radial guard, axial guard with end guard and driven guard. The configuration and the effectiveness of each designed electrode are discussed. Other than that this paper introduced new design of electrode guards which are embedded on electrode sensor instead of placing separately between or around adjacent measuring electrodes as the previous design

Investigating Maturity State and Internal Properties of Fruits Using Non-destructive Techniques-a Review

The evaluation of internal condition of the fruit via destructive techniques mostly damaged the internal and external fruit structure. However, there are several non-destructive techniques available could be applied in the agricultural industry, specifically for observing internal fruit conditions. Different kinds of internal conditions of fruits are evaluated in terms of their quality and ripeness levels. These non-destructive techniques include fruit evaluation via ultrasonic measurement techniques, light spectroscopy, imaging via Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and X-Ray, computer vision, electric nose and also vibration. The capabilities and the effectiveness of these techniques towards fruit monitoring are thoroughly discussed. Besides, the drawback of these non-destructive technique has been analysed

Miniature parallel ECT: a preliminary study using comsol

The usage of Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) is not limited to the imaging of mixtures in process equipment, it also can be used to measure the concentration profiles of component, and in certain case ECT is being used to investigate the boundaries and phase sizes within vessels and pipelines. There are quite a number of type of ECT sensors such as circular structure, square structure, concentric -annulus and parallel structure which are used for particular applications. In this paper, a study was carried out in order to investigate the behavior of electric field on the miniature parallel ECT. Simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics are being done to study the effect of increasing the size of the test object and the effect of increasing the permittivity of the test object. The results show that (1) the electric field lines relatively follow the phantom shape corresponding to the increasing of the size of the phantom and (2) the electrical field lines seems to bend more around the when the permittivity increases. Presented simulations establish first step of investigation, however already proved its usefulness for ECT performance model validation

Image Reconstruction for Solid Profile Measurement in ERT using Non-invasive Approach

Image reconstruction software and its image reconstruction algorithm are an important step towards constructing a tomography system. This paper demonstrates an image reconstruction of solid profile using linear back projection (LBP) algorithm and global threshold. A forward problem and inverse problem are discussed. The modelled of sensitivity distributions using COMSOL proved that the system is able to detect the liquid-solid regime in vertical pipe. Additionally, the location of the phantom can be easily distinguished using LBP algorithm and thresholding technique. The simulations and experiments results indicate that the sensitivity distribution of non-invasive ERT system can be applied in getting a tomogram of the medium of interest

Fundamental Sensor Development in Electrical Resistance Tomography

This paper will provide a fundamental understanding of one of the most commonly used tomography, Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT). Unlike the other tomography systems, ERT displayed conductivity distribution in the Region of Interest (ROI) and commonly associated to Sensitivity Theorem in their image reconstruction. The fundamental construction of ERT includes a sensor array spaced equally around the imaged object periphery, a Data Acquisition (DAQ), image reconstruction and display system. Four ERT data collection strategies that will be discussed are Adjacent Strategy, Opposite Strategy, Diagonal Strategy and Conducting Boundary Strategy. We will also explain briefly on some of the possible Data Acquisition System (DAQ), forward and inverse problems, different arrangements for conducting and non-conducting pipes and factors that influence sensor arrays selections

An Overview of Electrical Characterization Techniques for Biological Cell

In this paper, various electrical characterization techniques available for biological cell have been systematically reviewed. It covers both invasive and non-invasive approaches for population and single cell based studies. Examples of invasive technique consist of probing and patch clamp that measures the ionic current. However, depending on the applications, the non-invasive techniques are far more superior and popular. Some of the technique such as dielectric spectroscopy, electrorotation and dielectrophoresis measures the cell conductivity and dielectric constant. Furthermore, previous researchers proved that non-invasive technique may reduce the harmful effect on the cell due to electrical exposure. The review compares in terms of working principles, sample applications, advantages and limitations of each technique.&nbsp

Velocity measurement simulative study of twin plane ECT using advanced cross correlation technique

Flow velocity is a critical information to have in order to ensure an optimum flow condition in a process plant. The combination of Electrical Capacitance Tomography and cross correlation technique has been successfully used to measure the velocity of multiphase flows. The peak of the cross correlated signals corresponds to the time taken by particles to move along the flow, thus its velocity can be derived. This paper investigates the capability of implementing an improved method of determining flow velocity by using a combined function of the cross correlation (CCF) and average squared differential (ASDF) functions in order to improve the accuracy of the velocity measurement. A velocity measurement simulation of a liquid/gas flow using MATLAB is employed and a comparison between the use of CCF and the combination of CCF/ASDF is made. The correlogram of the combined CCF/ASDF method has a sharper peak compared to the correlogram of the conventional CCF method, indicating that the peak of the function can be determined more accurately as the sharper peak can decrease the measurement uncertainty

Image reconstruction for solid profile measurement in ERT using non-invasive approach

Image reconstruction software and its image reconstruction algorithm are an important step towards constructing a tomography system. This paper demonstrates an image reconstruction of solid profile using linear back projection (LBP) algorithm and global threshold. A forward problem and inverse problem are discussed. The modelled of sensitivity distributions using COMSOL proved that the system is able to detect the liquid-solid regime in vertical pipe. Additionally, the location of the phantom can be easily distinguished using LBP algorithm and thresholding technique. The simulations and experiments results indicate that the sensitivity distribution of non-invasive ERT system can be applied in getting a tomogram of the medium of interest

Fundamental sensor development in electrical resistance tomography

This paper will provide a fundamental understanding of one of the most commonly used tomography, Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT). Unlike the other tomography systems, ERT displayed conductivity distribution in the Region of Interest (ROI) and commonly associated to Sensitivity Theorem in their image reconstruction. The fundamental construction of ERT includes a sensor array spaced equally around the imaged object periphery, a Data Acquisition (DAQ), image reconstruction and display system. Four ERT data collection strategies that will be discussed are Adjacent Strategy, Opposite Strategy, Diagonal Strategy and Conducting Boundary Strategy. We will also explain briefly on some of the possible Data Acquisition System (DAQ), forward and inverse problems, different arrangements for conducting and non-conducting pipes and factors that influence sensor arrays selections